Shanghai World Financial Center

Shanghai World Financial Center 上海(秀仕)环球金融中心
The Shanghai World Financial Center towers over nearby skyscrapers
General information
Location	Pudong, Shanghai,  China
Status	Complete[1]
Constructed	1997 – 2008
Opening	August 28, 2008
Use	Office, hotel, museum, observation, parking garage, retail
Height
Antenna or spire	494.4 m (1,622.0 ft) / 492.0 m (1,614.2 ft)
Roof	487.4 m (1,599.1 ft)[2]
Top floor	474.0 m (1,555.1 ft)
Technical details
Floor count	101
Floor area	381,600 m2 (4,107,500 sq ft)
Elevators	91
Cost	RMB ¥ 8.17 billion (USD $ 1.20 billion)
Companies involved
Architect(s)	Kohn Pedersen Fox
Structural engineer	Leslie E. Robertson Associates RLLP
Contractor	China State Construction Engineering Corp and Shanghai Construction (Group) General Co.
Developer	Mori Building Co.
References: [3][4][5]

The Shanghai World Financial Center (Abbr: SWFC; simplified Chinese: 上海环球金融中心) is a supertall skyscraper in Pudong, Shanghai, China. It is a mixed use skyscraper which consists of offices, hotels, conference rooms, observation decks, and shopping malls on the ground floors. Park Hyatt Shanghai is the hotel component containing 174 rooms and suites. Occupying the 79th to the 93rd floors, it was the highest hotel in the world, surpassing the Grand Hyatt Shanghai on the 53rd to 87th floors of the neighboring Jin Mao Tower. However, this record was broken after the completion of Hong Kong's International Commerce Centre (ICC) which has floor 103-118 occupied by Ritz-Carlton Hotel (World's tallest), making Park Hyatt Shanghai only the 2nd tallest hotel. ^[6]

On 14 September 2007 the skyscraper was topped out^[7] at 492.0 meters (1,614.2 ft)^[8] and became the second-tallest building in the world; as well as the tallest structure in the People's Republic of China, including Hong Kong. It also had the highest occupied floor and the highest height to roof, two categories used to determine the title of "The World’s Tallest Building".

On 28 August 2008, the SWFC officially opened for business and two days later, the Observation Deck opened with a view from 3 levels. The highest view is at 474 m (1,555 ft) above ground level.^[1] It continues to have the tallest observation deck in the world surpassing even the Burj Khalifa.

The SWFC has been lauded for its design and was named by architects as the best skyscraper completed in 2008.^[9][10]

History

Designed by Kohn Pedersen Fox, the 101-story tower was originally planned for construction in 1997, but work was temporarily interrupted by the Asian Financial Crisis in the late 1990s and later to accommodate design changes by the developer. The building of the tower is financed by several multinational firms, including Chinese, Japanese, and Hong Kong banks, as well as by the Japanese developer and as-yet unnamed American and European investors. American investment bank Morgan Stanley is coordinating the financing for Mori Building.

Construction

The foundation stone was laid on 27 August 1997. In the late 1990s the Pierre de Smet Building Corporation had a fund shortage caused by the Asian financial crisis in 1997 to 1998, which halted the project after the foundations were completed. On 13 February 2003, the Mori Group increased the building's height to 492 m and 101 stories from the initial plans for a 460 m (1,509 ft), 94-story building. The new building would use the foundation of the original design. The building construction resumed on 16 November 2003.^[11]

The building reached its total height of 492 m on 14 September 2007 after installation of the final steel girder.^[12] The final cladding panels were installed in mid June 2008, and elevator installation was finished in mid July 2008. On 17 July 2008 The Shanghai World Financial Center was completed and on 28 August 2008, the SWFC officially opened for business.^[1] On 30 August 2008, the observation floors were opened to the public.

A fire broke out in the SWFC on 14 August 2007. The fire was first noticed on the 40th floor, around 16:30 (GMT +8), and soon the smoke was clearly seen outside the building. By 17:45, the fire had been extinguished. The damage was reported to be slight and nobody was injured in this accident.^[13] The cause of the fire is still unknown, but according to some sources the preliminary investigation suggested workers' electric weldings caused the fire.^[14][15]

Architecture

The aperture under construction at the top of the building

The most distinctive feature in the design of the building is an aperture at the peak. The original design specified a circular aperture, 46 m (151 ft) in diameter, to reduce the stresses of wind pressure,^[16] as well as serve as a subtext for the design, since "Chinese mythology represents the earth with a square and the sky with a circle".^[16] It also resembled a Chinese moon gate due to its circular form in Chinese architecture. However, this initial design began facing protests from some Chinese, including the mayor of Shanghai, who considered it too similar to the rising sun design of the Japanese flag. Pedersen then suggested that a bridge be placed at the bottom of the aperture to make it less circular.^[8] On 18 October 2005, KPF submitted an alternative design to Mori Building and a trapezoidal hole replaced the circle at the top of the tower, which in addition to changing the controversial design, will also be cheaper and easier to implement according to the architects.^[5][17] In the eyes of some, the building resembles a giant bottle opener.^[18] In fact, metal replicas of the building that function as actual bottle openers are sold in the observation deck gift shop.

The Shanghai World Financial Center (left) and the Jin Mao Tower (right)

Inside the observation deck

There are 3 observation decks in Shanghai World Financial Center. The height of its lowest observation deck (观光大厅) is 423 m (1,388 ft), on the 94th floor, the second is 439 m (1,440 ft) high, on the 97th floor, named "Observatory Bridge" (观光天桥), and the highest (观光天阁) is 474 m (1,555 ft) high, on the 100th floor.^[19] Admission ranges from 100 RMB for the 94th floor only to 150 RMB for all three observation decks.

The skyscraper's roof height is set at 492 m, and has temporarily claimed the highest roof in the world. Before construction resumed on the roof, tower height was scheduled to be 509.2 m (1,671 ft) so the building would hold the title of the world's tallest building (structural top) over the Taipei 101, but a height limit was imposed, allowing the roof to reach a maximum height of 492 m. Architect William Pedersen and developer Minoru Mori have resisted suggestions to add a spire that would surpass that of Taipei 101 and perhaps the Freedom Tower, calling the Shanghai WFC a "broad-shouldered building". The SWFC boasts a gross floor area of more than 377,300 m² (4,061,200 sq ft) and 31 elevators and 33 escalators.

Awards

Shanghai World Financial Center was named by architects as the best skyscraper completed in 2008 receiving both the Best Tall Building Overall and Asia & Australasia awards from the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat (CTBUH).^[9] CTBUH's Carol Willis, head of New York's Skyscraper Museum, states: "The simplicity of its form as well as its size dramatizes the idea of the skyscraper."^[9] Architect Tim Johnson noted its innovative structural design: "Steel trusses gird against the forces of wind and earthquake and made the building lighter, made it use less steel, and contributed to its sustainability."^[9] Johnson described the SWFC's structure as "nothing short of genius."^[20]

See also

• Jin Mao Tower
• Shanghai Tower
• List of skyscrapers
• List of tallest buildings and structures in the world
• List of tallest freestanding structures in the world
• List of buildings with 100 floors or more

References

External links

• Shanghai WFC official website
• Kohn Pedersen Fox Shanghai WFC project page
• Mori Building Co. Shanghai WFC project page
• Skyscraperpage.com diagram of Shanghai WFC
• The Shanghai WFC: a case study on Constructalia
• Emporis.com data page on the Shanghai WFC
• Tallestbuilding data page on the Shanghai WFC

Skyscrapers in Shanghai over 170 metres Completed: Over 300 m Shanghai World Financial Center (492 m, 2008) · Oriental Pearl Tower (468 m, 1995) · Jin Mao Tower (421 m, 1998) · Shimao International Plaza (333 m, 2005) 200-300 m Shanghai Wheelock Square (298 m, 2008) · Plaza 66 Tower 1 (288 m, 2001) · Tomorrow Square (285 m, 2003) · Hong Kong New World Tower (278 m, 2002) · Bocom Financial Towers (265 m, 2002) · One Lujiazui (256 m, 2008) · Grand Gateway Shanghai Towers (262 m, 2005) · Bank of Shanghai Headquarters (252 m, 2005) · Maxdo Centre (241 m, 2005) · Cloud Nine (238 m, 2006) · International Ocean Shipping Building (232 m, 2000) · Plaza 66 Tower 2 (228 m, 2006) · Oasis Skyway Garden Hotel (226 m, 2006) · Bank of China Tower (226 m, 2000) · Raffles City (222 m, 2003) · Jasper Tower (220 m, 2008) · The Regent Shanghai (218 m, 2005) · Shanghai Dong Hai Plaza (217 m, 2004) · World Finance Tower (212 m, 2000) · King Tower (212 m, 1996) · Pudong International Information Port (211 m, 2001) · Sofitel Jin Jiang Oriental Pudong Hotel (207 m, 2002) · Nan Zheng Building (205 m, 1998) · Lippo Plaza (204 m, 1998) · Shanghai Sen Mao International Building (203 m, 1998) · Huaxia Financial Square Towers (202 m, 2003) · Golden Bell Mansion (200 m, 1998) · Radisson Hotel Shanghai New World (200 m) 170-200 m World Plaza Shanghai (199 m, 1998) · Bund Center (198 m, 2002) · Wenxin United Press Building (197 m, 1999) · Lan Sheng Building (196 m, 1997) · China Insurance Building (196 m, 1999) · The Center (196 m, 2004) · CITIC Square (193 m, 2000) · Huaneng Union Tower (188 m, 1997) · CAAC Pudong Tower (188 m, 2001) · Bao'an Tower (188 m, 1997) · Shanghai Futures Building (187 m, 1998) · China Merchants Tower (186 m, 1995) · Shanghai China Merchants Plaza Office Building (186 m, 1998) · Aurora Plaza (185 m, 2003) · Pudong Development Mansion (185 m, 2001) · Ciro's Plaza (181 m, 2002) · Union Square Towers (185 m, 2005) · Pudong Shangri La Hotel Extension (180 m, 2005) · Citigroup Tower (180 m, 2005) · Shanghai Property Information Exchange Center (180 m, 2000) · Harbour Ring Plaza (178 m, 1998) · K. Wah Center (178 m, 2005) · Four Seasons Hotel (172 m, 2002) Under construction: Shanghai Tower (632 m, 2014) · White Magnolia Plaza (320 m, 2011) · TIPS China Building (289 m, 2009) · Albany Oasis Garden Office Tower (260 m, 2008) · Shanghai IFC North Tower (260 m, 2010) · Huamin King Tower (258 m, 2008) · Shanghai IFC South Tower (250 m, 2009) · X3-2 Office Development (200 m) · Park Place Office Tower (188 m) · Hopson International Tower (180 m, 2008) · China Merchants Bank Headquarters (180 m) · Shanghai Expo Guest Hotel (178 m) Buildings listed in order of height and with year of completion  ·  Building data source: Emporis See also: List of tallest buildings in Shanghai · Category:Buildings and structures in Shanghai ·

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